Java 教程是为 JDK 8 编写的。本页中描述的示例和实践未利用在后续版本中引入的改进。
在尝试通过反射调用构造函数时,开发人员有时会遇到以下问题。
ConstructorTrouble
示例说明了当代码尝试使用 Class.newInstance()
并且没有可访问的零参数构造函数时,创建类的新实例时会发生什么:
public class ConstructorTrouble { private ConstructorTrouble(int i) {} public static void main(String... args){ try { Class<?> c = Class.forName("ConstructorTrouble"); Object o = c.newInstance(); // InstantiationException // production code should handle these exceptions more gracefully } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InstantiationException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } } }
$ java ConstructorTrouble java.lang.InstantiationException: ConstructorTrouble at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:340) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:308) at ConstructorTrouble.main(ConstructorTrouble.java:7)
InstantiationException
。在这种情况下,问题是带有 int
参数的构造函数的存在会阻止编译器生成默认(或零参数)构造函数,并且代码中没有显式的零参数构造函数。请记住,Class.newInstance()
的行为与 new
关键字非常相似,只要 new
失败,它就会失败。
ConstructorTroubleToo
示例在 Class.newInstance()
中显示无法解决的问题。也就是说,它传播构造函数抛出的任何异常 - 检查型异常或非检查型异常。
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; import static java.lang.System.err; public class ConstructorTroubleToo { public ConstructorTroubleToo() { throw new RuntimeException("exception in constructor"); } public static void main(String... args) { try { Class<?> c = Class.forName("ConstructorTroubleToo"); // Method propagetes any exception thrown by the constructor // (including checked exceptions). if (args.length > 0 && args[0].equals("class")) { Object o = c.newInstance(); } else { Object o = c.getConstructor().newInstance(); } // production code should handle these exceptions more gracefully } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InstantiationException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchMethodException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InvocationTargetException x) { x.printStackTrace(); err.format("%n%nCaught exception: %s%n", x.getCause()); } } }
$ java ConstructorTroubleToo class Exception in thread "main" java.lang.RuntimeException: exception in constructor at ConstructorTroubleToo.<init>(ConstructorTroubleToo.java:6) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513) at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:355) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:308) at ConstructorTroubleToo.main(ConstructorTroubleToo.java:15)
这种情况是反射所特有的。通常,编写忽略检查型异常的代码是不可能的,因为它无法编译。可以使用 Constructor.newInstance()
而不是 Class.newInstance()
来包装构造函数抛出的任何异常。
$ java ConstructorTroubleToo java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513) at ConstructorTroubleToo.main(ConstructorTroubleToo.java:17) Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: exception in constructor at ConstructorTroubleToo.<init>(ConstructorTroubleToo.java:6) ... 5 more Caught exception: java.lang.RuntimeException: exception in constructor
如果抛出 InvocationTargetException
,则方法被调用。问题的诊断与直接调用构造函数并抛出由 InvocationTargetException.getCause()
获取的异常相同。此异常并不表示反射包或其用法存在问题。
ConstructorTroubleAgain
类说明了错误代码无法找到或调用预期构造函数的各种方法。
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; import static java.lang.System.out; public class ConstructorTroubleAgain { public ConstructorTroubleAgain() {} public ConstructorTroubleAgain(Integer i) {} public ConstructorTroubleAgain(Object o) { out.format("Constructor passed Object%n"); } public ConstructorTroubleAgain(String s) { out.format("Constructor passed String%n"); } public static void main(String... args){ String argType = (args.length == 0 ? "" : args[0]); try { Class<?> c = Class.forName("ConstructorTroubleAgain"); if ("".equals(argType)) { // IllegalArgumentException: wrong number of arguments Object o = c.getConstructor().newInstance("foo"); } else if ("int".equals(argType)) { // NoSuchMethodException - looking for int, have Integer Object o = c.getConstructor(int.class); } else if ("Object".equals(argType)) { // newInstance() does not perform method resolution Object o = c.getConstructor(Object.class).newInstance("foo"); } else { assert false; } // production code should handle these exceptions more gracefully } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchMethodException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InvocationTargetException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InstantiationException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } } }
$ java ConstructorTroubleAgain Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: wrong number of arguments at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance (DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513) at ConstructorTroubleAgain.main(ConstructorTroubleAgain.java:23)
抛出 IllegalArgumentException
,因为请求了零参数构造函数并尝试传递参数。如果构造函数传递了错误类型的参数,则会抛出相同的异常。
$ java ConstructorTroubleAgain int java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: ConstructorTroubleAgain.<init>(int) at java.lang.Class.getConstructor0(Class.java:2706) at java.lang.Class.getConstructor(Class.java:1657) at ConstructorTroubleAgain.main(ConstructorTroubleAgain.java:26)
如果开发人员错误地认为反射将自动装箱或拆箱类型,则可能会发生此异常。装箱(将基本转换为引用类型)仅在编译期间发生。反射中没有机会发生此操作,因此在查找构造函数时必须使用特定类型。
$ java ConstructorTroubleAgain Object Constructor passed Object
在这里,可能期望调用带有 String
参数的构造函数,因为使用更具体的 String
类型执行 newInstance()
。但是为时已晚!找到的构造函数已经是具有 Object
参数的构造函数。newInstance()
不会尝试进行方法解析;它只是对现有的构造函数对象进行操作。
如果尝试调用私有或其他不可访问的构造函数,则可能抛出 IllegalAccessException
。ConstructorTroubleAccess
示例说明了生成的堆栈跟踪。
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor; import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException; class Deny { private Deny() { System.out.format("Deny constructor%n"); } } public class ConstructorTroubleAccess { public static void main(String... args) { try { Constructor c = Deny.class.getDeclaredConstructor(); // c.setAccessible(true); // solution c.newInstance(); // production code should handle these exceptions more gracefully } catch (InvocationTargetException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchMethodException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (InstantiationException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } catch (IllegalAccessException x) { x.printStackTrace(); } } }
$ java ConstructorTroubleAccess java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Class ConstructorTroubleAccess can not access a member of class Deny with modifiers "private" at sun.reflect.Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(Reflection.java:65) at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:505) at ConstructorTroubleAccess.main(ConstructorTroubleAccess.java:15)
Constructor
被声明为继承 AccessibleObject
,它提供了通过 AccessibleObject.setAccessible()
来抑制此检查的功能。